Big Road Blues

Show Notes:

For today’s show we head to Memphis circa the 1920’s and 30’s. Memphis was was loaded with talent, many of which made records. Spotlighted today are artists such as Frank Stokes, Furry Lewis, Robert Wilkins, Memphis Jug Band , Gus Cannon and several others.

In the notes to Yazoo’s Memphis Masters, Don Kent writes: “Of all the Southern cities that flourished with traditional blues in the period between the world Wars, none offered more dazzling diversity and top-drawer quality musicians than Memphis. The city’s geographical and economic position in the 1920’s was as the center of cotton and agricultural transactions, insuring a flow of itinerant laborers, especially during the fall harvest. Following the jobs and money, musicians came from Mississippi, Tennessee and Arkansas countryside. …The size of Memphis, and the pool of talent on which it was able to draw, attracted record companies who sought salable talent to offer their customers. Beale Street, with it’s wide-open vice, gambling and barrelhouses, was an attraction in itself to the rural out-of-towner intent on a good time and, since the early 1900’s, a gathering place for musicians looking for work. There is a pronounced ragtime and country-dance flavor to Memphis blues, in addition to vaudeville, medicine show, jazz and pop influence as well as the different regional styles brought by musicians from other areas. Most of the musicians who established roots in Memphis knew each other, played together.”

The show kicks off with several tracks by Frank Stokes. As Don Kent notes: “If there was any one person who epitomized Memphis blues, it would have to be Frank Stokes, whose diversified repertoire seemed to embody black rural music up to the point of his recording.” Stokes was already playing the streets of Memphis by the turn of the century, about the same time the blues began to flourish. A medicine show and house party favorite, Stokes, either solo, with Dan Sane (as The Beale Street Sheiks) and sometimes fiddler Will Batts, Stokes recorded 38 sides for Paramount and Victor between 1927 and 1929.

Furry Lewis was another major Memphis figure. Lewis’s musical start took place on Beale Street in the late teens, where he began his career. Lewis’s recording career began in April 1927, with a trip to Chicago to record for the Vocalion label, which resulted in five songs. In October of 1927 Lewis was back in Chicago to cut six more songs. Lewis gave up music as a profession during the mid-’30s, when the Depression reduced the market for country blues. At the end of the 1950’s blues scholar Sam Charters discovered Lewis and persuaded him to resume his music career. Gradually, as the 1960s and the ensuing blues boom wore on, Lewis emerged as one of the favorite rediscovered stars of the 1930s, playing festivals, appearing on talk shows, and recording.

Robert Wilkins was another prominent Memphis bluesman who, like Lewis, was originally born in Mississippi but made his fame in Memphis. Wilkins’ early performing life included touring with small vaudeville and minstrel shows. In 1928, he met Ralph Peer of the Victor label and was invited to cut four songs. Vocalion recorded eight new songs the following year. In 1935 he cut four more sides for Vocalion and shortly afterwards joined the Church of God in Christ and became a minister. Wilkins was rediscovered in the 1960’s and performed and recorded gospel material along with the blues. In 1964 he recorded the wonderful Memphis Gospel Singer for the Piedmont label which unfortunately has not been issued on CD.

Born in Hernando, Mississippi in 1890, Jackson took an interest in music early on, learning the rudiments of guitar from his father. By the age of 15, he was already steadily employed in local medicine shows and by his 20’s was working the country frolic and juke joint circuit, usually in the company of Gus Cannon and Robert Wilkins. After joining up with the Silas Green Minstrel Show, he settled in Memphis, working clubs with Furry Lewis, Gus Cannon, and Will Shade. The 1920s found him regularly working with his Memphis cronies, finally recording his best-known tune, “Kansas City Blues” and a batch of other classics by the end of the decade. He also appeared in one of the early talkies, Hallelujah!, in 1929.

In addition to the above mentioned bluesman, Memphis had a jug band scene. Among those who recorded, and who we feature today, are the Memphis Jug Band, Cannon’s Jug Stompers and the South Memphis Jug Band. One of the definitive jug bands of the ’20s and early ’30s, the Memphis Jug Band was comprised of Will Shade, Will Weldon, Hattie Hart, Charlie Polk, Walter Horton, and others, in various configurations. Guitarist/harpist Will Shade formed the Memphis Jug Band in the Beale Street section of Memphis in the mid-’20s. A few years after their formation, Shade signed a contract with Victor Records in 1927. Over the next seven years, Shade and the Memphis Jug Band recorded nearly 60 songs for the record label. A remarkable musician, who could play five-string banjo and jug, Gus Cannon led the Cannon’s Jug Stompers in’20s and ’30s. The early 1900’s found him playing around Memphis with songster Jim Jackson and forming a partnership with Noah Lewis. He cut close to three dozen sides between 1927-1930. He continued to record into the ’30s as a soloist and with his incredible trio, which included Noah Lewis along with guitarists Hosea Wood or Ashley Thompson. He resumed his stalled recording efforts in 1956 with sessions for Folkways. Subsequent sessions paired him with other Memphis survivors like Furry Lewis. Singer/guitarist Jack Kelly was the front man of the South Memphis Jug Band. He led the group in tandem with fiddler Will Batts, and they made their first recordings in 1933, followed in 1939 by a second and final session. Although the South Memphis Jug Band’s lineup changed frequently, Kelly remained a constant, leading the group in various incarnations until as late as the mid-’50s.

Here’s a question: what does Robert Nighthawk, Earl Hooker, Canned Heat and the Monkees have in common? The answer is pianist Ernest Lane who’s played with them all in a long and varied music career. It would be some fifty years after playing on his first record that Lane cut 2004’s “The Blues Is Back!”, his first full length record.

Growing up in Clarksdale Lane had the right background for a bluesman; his father was a barrelhouse pianist, his boyhood friend was Ike Turner and Pinetop Perkins was a friend of the family who showed the youngster a thing or two. Ike fell in love with the piano when he peered in at The King Biscuit Boys, featuring boogie pianist Joe Willie “Pinetop” Perkins, rehearsing in the basement of his buddy Ernest Lane’s house. As he recalled: “Man, I never seen nobody’s fingers move that fast on a piano,” he said. “I didn’t even know what a piano was then, and I saw that dude, man. He was playing piano, and they was rehearsin’ at John Lane’s house. Ernest Lane and I was the same age, and we was comin’ home from school and we heard this noise. And we went over there, and boy, these guys-this guy was playing piano so fast, man, I couldn’t hardly see his fingers! And I said, ‘Damn, man! I wanna do that!’ Lane said, ‘Me too!’ Anyway, we started talkin’ to Pinetop, and he started teaching us different little boogie-woogie things.” When he was just a teenager Lane hooked up with legendary slide guitarist Robert Nighthawk. Nighthawk eventually took him to Chicago where his solid piano work graced a number of sides cut for the Chess label in 1948-49 including the blues classic “Sweet Black Angel.” After Nighthawk he played with Earl Hooker, Houston Stackhouse and others before heading to the California in 1956. There he worked with Jimmy Nolen, George “Harmonica” Smith and was recruited by old buddy Ike Turner to be a member of the Ike & Tina Turner Revue. After leaving Ike he joined a group called the Goodtimers who eventually wound up backing the Monkees for about a year on tour. Through the late 60’s/early 70’s he played and recorded for Canned Heat before giving up music altogether. Recently Lane has been featured on a 2000 release by Eddie C. Campbell, played on Ike Turner’s comeback record and toured the US and Europe with Ike’s band.

I first spoke to Ernest several years before he issued his comeback record when I was doing some research into Robert Nighthawk. When he issued his record I interviewed him on my Bad Dog Blues radio show. Here’s a link to that interview that starts off with some music from the record:

Ernest Lane Interview 7/25/04 (mp3)

While doing research into Robert Nighthawk several years ago, I became friendly with Nighthawk’s daughter who I eventually met in Chicago. Her mother was still living in Chicago as well but didn’t want to talk about “that man” as she conveyed to me through her daughter. She finally did talk to me on the phone years later and I believe I was the only who she ever talked to about her years with Nighthawk. When I was in Chicago the daughter showed me a glossy photo of her mother, Ernest and Nighthawk which as far as I know has never been published before. In looking at the above documentary I see a similar (it may be the same – my memory’s a bit foggy) photo used which I thought I would reproduce.

I first came across the Sparks Brothers some twenty years ago on The Piano Blues Volume Twenty: Barrelhouse Years 1928-1933, the second to last installment of the Magpie label’s groundbreaking piano blues series. Featuring the arresting, high pitched vocals of Milton “Lindberg” Sparks and the sensitive, rolling piano of Aaron “Pinetop” Sparks, the songs, “Down On The Levee”, “Louisiana Bound” and “East Chicago Blues”, made a strong impression on me. I believe it was in the 1990’s when Document got around to issuing their complete recorded works on CD.

Aaron and Marion (he changed his name to Milton in 1929) were twins born to Ruth and Sullie Gant in Tupelo, Mississippi. Soon after the twins were born Ruth married Carl Sparks. According to Cleveland Sparks, uncle of Aaron and Marion: “Piano player Aaron he learned how to play piano before he could holler and shout…it was a coloured fellow teaching him. He had a joint y’know selling bootleg whiskey back in the corner. He just had a crowd there all the time and he just learned to play. His name Arthur Johnson and he been dead so long nobody down there would know him–’cause he was a old man when he was teaching that boy.” Henry Townsend, who often accompanied Marion, had this to say: “He just kept getting better and better and got to playing for illegal joints y’know. …Pinetop was doing a lot of house-party playing and uh ’cause this was a trend then. We would go from house-party to house-party and make some money to pay the rent. We’d go from place to place like that I mean it’d be announced at this party before it was over that there would be such and such a place to get their rent paid and Pinetop would play for those kind of parties where they had a piano–and I kinda went around him quite a bit.” Now at that time Milton wasn’t singing, Pinetop was the star when it come to singing. And so just out of nowhere Milton decided he was going to sing and he’d start. …Aaron got the name Pinetop because “He was very good at the number that Smith made [Pinetop Smith’s “Pine Top’s Boogie Woogie”]. Yeah he was very good with that number and as most guys do he just started to call himself Pinetop himself y’know. The nickname “Lindberg”, Townsend suggests, was probably due to Milton’s prowess in dancing the Lindberg or Lindy Hop. In addition to the recollections of Townsend and Cleveland Sparks, biographical background on the brothers was gleaned from their thick police files; Milton was arrested some 50 times for fighting and gambling and other minor offenses while Aaron was picked up 18 times.

The brothers cut four sessions, the first for Victor and the other three for Bluebird, between 1932 and 1935. Milton cut two songs for Decca in 1934 under the name Flyin’ Lindberg. Aaron backed a number of St. Louis artists at their second session: Elisabeth Washington, Tecumseh McDowell, Dorotha Trowbridge, James “Stump” Johnson and Charlie McFadden. The brothers’ led rough and tumble lives reflected in songs that dealt with gambling, jail, alcohol, woman, hoboing and railroads. In spite of their lyrics and rough background, the music the brothers made was surprisingly tender and wistful. Milton possessed a strong, nasal voice that is extremely appealing while Milton had a warm, sensitive vocal that occasionally dips into a mellow falsetto. Aaron was an exceptional and versatile piano player as Chris Smith appraises: “Aaron’s playing features the steady chordal basses typical of St. Louis, and a very inventive right hand, endowed with melodic grace and propulsive energy. He was also a capable boogie player, with a singing line and a fondness for medium tempos.”

Their first recording date yielded four songs under the name Pinetop and Lindberg. This was an exceptional session as Milton sings wonderfully in his high, powerful nasal voice on the sing-sing “Louisiana Bound” with superb flourishes from Aaron who lays out with a nice mid-tempo solo as Milton encourages him on. The brothers excelled at thoughtful, mid-tempo blues such as “East Chicago Blues”, “4X11=44” a reference to number combination for playing policy and “I Believe I’ll Make A Change.” Throughout Aaron lays down some mellow, highly inventive piano work, a perfect contrast to Milton’s almost wistful vocals with Milton encouraging “Pine” on with some engaging spoken patter. “East Chicago Blues” shares similarities to “Chicago’s Too Much For Me” which was cut at their second session and is also notable for making reference to a 1917 riot in East St. Louis where many African-Americans were killed, with a similar riot two years later in Chicago:

I was in Chicago I had my good rags on
I’m in this town, got all my new suits in pawn

East Chicago is on fire, East St. Louis is burnin’ down…

The following year the brothers were in Chicago where they cut three sides for Bluebird on August 2, 1933. At this session they cut the enduring “61 Highway” that would pass into common blues currency with it’s now familiar verse:

61 Highway, longest highway that I know (2x)
It runs from New York City down into the Gulf of Mexico

“Down On The Levee” was a typically sensitive mid-tempo number featuring Milton’s fine, mellow delivery and some wonderful right hand flourishes from Aaron. “Chicago’s Too Much For Me” was in a similar vein with with more forceful playing from Aaron with Milton probably sharing the sentiments of many who first visited Chicago:

Going back to St. Louis
Chicago’s too much for me
I may get in trouble, people don’t you see
In St. Louis I had my glad rags on
Now I’m in Chicago got all my glad rags in pawn

Aaron’s fine abilities as an accompanist extend to his backing a trio of St. Louis ladies. Elisabeth Washington was an appealing, slightly nasal singer with a good sense of delivery; “Riot Call Blues” and “Whiskey Blues” are particularly tough blues with the latter opening with the line “Everyday I have the blues” a song that the brothers would debut two years later. Tecumseh McDowell and Dorotha Trowbridge are solid, if unexceptional singers, who stylistically bear some resemblance to the then popular St. Louis singer Alice Moore.

The next year, August 24, 1934, Milton was in Chicago where he cut two songs for Decca as Flyin’ Lindburg. Milton recorded with Peetie Wheatstraw on piano, possibly Bill Lowry on violin and unknown clarinetist and guitarist. Milton’s powerful vocals easily rise above the small band behind “I.C. Train Blues” (a reference to the Illinois Central) which, while a bit rough and raucous, is nonetheless quite effective. “No Good Woman Blues” is a bit more sedate but equally entertaining.

Milton was absent from a four of the eight songs which comprised their final session on July 28, 1935 which featured guitarist Henry Townsend on seven of the eight numbers. Townsend explained: “Yeah Pinetop sang–Milton was supposed to be the singer of the two when the session was drewed up. Pinetop didn’t go there to sing at all–he went to play for his brother Milton. And when we got there, why, just going through measures like musicians carry on, he hummed off a tune or two. So everybody thought he should go ahead and do a number. So he went ahead and did a number. It turned out that his number was the better number after all.” Aaron possessed a warm, mellow vocal heard to good effect on the marvelous, melodic “Tell Her About Me”, the wistful “Workhouse Blues” and the driving boogie of “Got The Blues About My Baby.” The most famous song was “Every Day I Have The Blues” sung in a wonderful high falsetto that may sound surprising to those more familiar with modern versions. Milton’s numbers were not up to his usual standards although “Grinder Blues” contains a frank tribute to his wife Janie’s charms:

Don’t you know I got a little grinder.
She lives in St. Louis, her number is 2721 Stoddard Street.
That little woman grind me to death, boy.
I’m telling you the truth. I don’t love nobody but that little woman–her name is Janie.
Hey man I feel a verse coming down

Blues I ain’t gonna sing these blues no more (2x)
I got my mind on Janie, mean I swear I got to go

In the 1950’s Milton rejoined the church and renounced the blues. He died in 1963. Aaron reportedly died much earlier although no death certificate has been found. There is a hint of an early death in both Cleveland Sparks’ and Townsend’s recollections.

Sources:

-Russell , Tony and Smith, Chris. The Penguin Guide To The Blues. Penguin Books, London, England, 2006.

-Dixon, Robert M.W., John Godrich, Howard W. Rye. Blues & Gospel Records 1890-1943. 4th edition. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1997.

-Rowe, Mike and O’Brien, Charlie. Well Them Two Sparks Brothers They Been Here And Gone. Blues Unlimited no. 144 (Spring 1983): 9-14.

-Oliver, Paul. Blues Fell This Morning. Cambridge University Press, New York, 1960.

Show Notes:

We cast a wide net on today’s show playing records spanning 1926 to 1976. The mix shows are usually a good indicator of some of the records I’ve been listening to and also usually feature some of the new reissues and records I’ve picked up recently. This week we spotlight a number of excellent post-war blues reissues from Ace Records as well as some recent JSP box sets .

We feature several tracks from JSP’s 4-CD That’s What They Want – Juke Joint Blues: Good Time Rhythm & Blues 1943 – 1956 which is chock full of incredible down-home blues performances by a host of unknowns and more famous artists. With this set JSP seems to be mining the same vein as Boulevard Vintage who for the past few years have been putting out intelligent, well conceived multi CD sets of post-war down home blues built around a specific geographic region. Notable from this set are two terrific early Earl Hooker tracks; “Ride Hooker Rider” with unknown vocalist and “Goin’ Home To Mother” with Little Sam Davis on vocal/harmonica, both cut for the small Rockin’ label out of Miami in 1953. Schoolboy Cleve’s “She’s Gone” is a genuine harmonica killer and believe it or not Cleve recently cut some new recordings. In a strange coincidence I had already planned to play this track when I found out Cleve had passed away. Cleve cut a handful of sides between 1954-1963 for a series of small labels, issued some 45’s on his own Cherrie label and in 2006 issued the full length CD South to West: Iron and Gold. Also from JSP is the 4-CD A Richer Tradition: Country Blues and String Band Music 1923-1942. There’s some fascinating music on this set ranging from blues, string band, jug band music and it’s amazing how much eclectic music was recorded before the industry became homogenized.

Ace Records is without a doubt one of the great reissue labels for post-war blues. I recently picked up a trio of their new recordings: Willie Headen – Blame It On The Blues, Cool Daddy: The Central Avenue Scene 1951-1957 Vol. 3 and R&B On Lakewood Boulevard. I’ve never heard of Willie Headen but he left behind a fine and varied body of work in his five year on-off-on stint with Dootsie Williams’ Dootone and Dooto labels. He’s a terrific vocalist who’s singing bears a strong gospel stamp as well as similarity to Clyde McPhatter. Hopefully Ace will see fit to issue the Kent sides Headen cut in the late 1960’s. Cool Daddy is the third volume in Ace’s exhaustive survey of Jake Porter’s Los Angles based Combo label featuring excellent tracks by Johnny Otis, Peppermint Harris, Joe Houston and slew of forgotten figures. The whole series presents a fascinating snapshot of the L.A. blues scene of the late 1940’s and 50’s. R&B On Lakewood Boulevard features blues and R&B from the Downey label also based in L.A. and boasts fine material by T-Bone Walker Jr. aka R.S. Rankin, Little Johnny Taylor, Ace Holder among others. We also dip back to an Ace release from a few years back, Welcome To The Club, gathering togehter some wonderful Chicago blues sides cut for the Federal label.

As usual there’s a a number of vintage country blues cuts with the show kicking off with Charlie Patton’s “Jim Lee Blues Part I.” There’s something about the way Patton sings this number that really grabs me. Then there’s Garfield Akers’ throbbing, intense “Dough Roller Blues” and Bo Weavil Jackson’s slide masterpiece “You Can’t Keep No Brown” from 1926. Little is known about these artists outside of some recollections from contemporaries. We hear some later country from Leroy Williams and Fiddlin’ Joe Martin recorded for the Library of Congress in 1941 with the legendary Willie Brown on guitar. This session is most famous for the Son House recordings and in fact you can hear Son providing commentary on Martin’s beautifully sung number. Unfortunately Brown was recorded solo on just one number, Make Me A Pallet On The Floor, which we played a couple of weeks ago.

Also worth noting are a number of piano blues including one by Jimmy Blythe. Blythe recorded dozens of piano rolls in the early 1920’s some of which have just been reissued on Delmark’s Messin’ Around Blues. He began cutting records in 1924 and backed many singers including blues artists like Ma Rainey, Blind Blake and Lonnie Johnson. Jimmy Blythe died at the age of 30 from meningitis. There’s also tracks by Sunnyland Slim and Roosevelt Sykes who need little introduction although pianist Curtis Jones is perhaps not as well remembered. “Lonesome Bedroom Blues” was a huge hit for Jones in 1937 and the next five years Jones was in the studio on no fewer than twenty occasions recording some hundred titles but never achieved similar success. Lyrically “Bad Avenue” is something of a precursor to “Tin Pan Alley” which Jones cut in 1941.